CBD Oil for Blood Pressure: Research and Best CBD Oils Do you often feel overwhelmed and stressed? Have you been struggling to get your blood pressure under control? If so, you may want to consider giving CBD gummies a try. Canvast Drifter CBN + L-Theanine Gummies are the perfect way to relax stress within the body without any psychoactive effects of THC. CBD gummies are a A single dose of cannabidiol reduces blood pressure in healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study 1 Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal
CBD Oil for Blood Pressure: Research and Best CBD Oils
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High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a common condition that can lead to heart disease and stroke. While there are many medications available to treat hypertension, some people may prefer to try CBD oil first.
This article will explore the research on CBD oil for high blood pressure and list the best CBD oils for this purpose.
Best CBD Oils for Blood Pressure
How CBD Might Lower Your Blood Pressure
There are many non-intoxicating cannabinoids found in cannabis and hemp, but CBD stands out. Unlike THC which produces an intoxicating high (the type associated with feelings like pain relief or mood), this one acts on serotonergic (5HT) or vanilloid TRP sites to regulate bodily processes such as inflammation without providing any sort of feeling at all.
CBD has been shown to lower blood pressure, but it’s not clear if this happens because of the mood elevating effect or some other property. Studies indicate that CBD reduces stress and leads people who use them feel lighter overall which could be responsible for their reduced heart rates.
There is a possibility that CBD’s activity in your brain might reduce stress by improving mood, which could also be linked to reduced hypertension. Future research will reveal more information on how it relates specifically for blood pressure.
Does CBD Oil Lower Blood Pressure?
There is a lot of research regarding how CBD affects blood pressure, but the results are not always clear. It could end up being good news for those looking into natural remedies as an alternative treatment option if it turns out that lower readings were seen with increased consumption rates than higher ones!
With more and more people sharing their experiences online, it’s clear that CBD can help with high blood pressure. The relaxing feeling provided by this cannabinoid is enough to make anyone feel better!
Many people with high blood pressure have shared stories online regarding how CBD helped them get their disease under control. One of the most common effects that those who use this cannabinoid report is a body-wide relaxing feeling, and it’s easy to see why individuals would say using CBD oil lowers your resting heartbeat.
Is CBD Safe to Use for High Blood Pressure?
CBD can make your blood pressure low, but it may also interact badly with prescription medicines. If you take any “grapefruit warning” medications then talk to a doctor before adding CBD supplements into the mix!
The most commonly reported side effects of CBD oil for blood pressure includes sleepiness, nausea, and dry mouth but many users do not experience any negative reactions at all in spite of its popularity for treating hypertension among other things
The benefits seem to outweigh these insignificant issues making it worth considering as an option beyond traditional medicine options.
What Research Says About CBD and Blood Pressure
In the last few years, CBD has been shown to have a number of health benefits. One such benefit is its ability to reduce blood pressure levels which could be useful for people who suffer from hypertension or high cholesterol and heart disease risks associated with it.
A recent study shows that this isn’t just theory anymore–cannabis oil seems real potential when looking at reducing your chances against developing these conditions in the future.
The research into CBD’s potential as an overall treatment for heart health was first introduced in 2012. The study started the conversation on this subject within medical science and provided some insight into how it could be useful with managing different conditions such as high blood pressure or chronic pain
This passage details when scientists began discussing whether there is evidence that backs up claims made by those who say cannabis can treat cardiovascular issues like angina pectoris, strokes, etc.,
The first hard evidence of the usefulness of CBD for blood pressure was most recently published in 2017. This small study found this cannabinoid to maintain low pressures even when participants were exposed to stressful stimuli, leading researchers from various institutions to declare that “CBD does seem like a promising alternative or supplement.”
Researchers have yet to uncover the secrets of CBD for blood pressure, but they continue their research into this area. In 2020 researchers performed extensive experiments on animal and human tissue samples in order to determine how it affects vessel relaxation properties among other things- discovering more about this potential treatment’s ability may be fruitful indeed.
What Type of CBD Is Best for Blood Pressure?
If you’re trying to manage your high blood pressure with CBD, then the best types of products are oils and gummies. They have been proven in clinical trials as being more effective than other forms like soft gels or topicals. Still, let’s discuss the various options of CBD oil for blood pressure:
CBD Oil
CBD oils are also referred to as CBD tinctures. These are the more popular types of CBD products you’ll find online. Their popularity is mostly a testament to the ease of use and discreet ability to get your CBD Oil for blood pressure in liquid form.
CBD users often take oil tinctures whenever they experience pain or other ailments in life. Besides offering a higher potency and quick absorption time, these CBD oils are better for managing blood pressure than other types of orally consumed CBD options.
CBD Gummies
The benefits of CBD oil are diverse, but one thing that you might not have known about them is how they can be consumed. Tinctures typically come in bottles and need to be taken sublingually while gummies offer the convenience factor because it means no more carrying around vials with yourself everywhere!
When using CBD to manage blood pressure, it’s important that you avoid eating excessive sweets. This could make your condition worse so only choose gummies with natural ingredients and minimal sweeteners for the best results.
CBD Softgels
Another venetian option to take CBD oil for blood pressure is CBD soft gels. These are just as easy to take orally and can provide you with an easy way to swallow and forget about your CBD oil treatment.
While soft gels may be the simpler option to get your intake of CBD oil, they’re much like CBD gummies in that they’re less potent than CBD tinctures. However, soft gels may be better than CBD gummies as they don’t have the sugar content found in the gummies. Thus making CBD soft gels are a doable option for blood pressure patients.
CBD Topicals and Creams
Topically applied CBD creams, lotions and balms won’t be very useful for reducing high blood pressure. Hypertension is a cardiovascular condition with its central origin being the heart, inside the body. So treating the peripheral areas of your body will not help unlock symptoms associated with CBD oil for blood pressure.
The use of this cannabinoid must extend beyond just topical applications if you want adequate success rates when it comes down to effectively controlling your blood pressure with CBD oils.
Best CBD Oil for Blood Pressure
With all of the options available for CBD oil, it’s hard to know which brand will work best. We scoured product descriptions and reviews from customers who tried different brands in order to find out how well each one reduced blood pressure levels when compared against others.
Below is an overview comparing some popular CBD oils for blood pressure available on the market as of today.
1. Colorado Botanicals
Image courtesy Colorado Botanicals
With a lack of federal regulation, Colorado Botanicals has taken upon themselves to offer high-tech and terpene-rich CBD hemp extractions. The company uses pharmaceutical-grade equipment for the production process without any metal toxins or pesticides in order to make sure their customers get what they need with all natural ingredients.
What makes the Colorado Botanicals CBD oil so special? It’s organic, non-GMO, and full of synergistic effects. This means that when taken together with other cannabinoids like THC or terpenes it becomes more potent than before! Reviewers rave about how this product has helped them in their medical treatments but also claims to be ideal for those who have hypertension as well – because they know what comes first: Your health matters most too.
2. Penguin CBD – Best CBD Oil for Blood Pressure
Image courtesy Penguin CBD
This brand is on-trend and it would be safe to say they are becoming popular among consumers looking for quality products at reasonable prices without sacrificing performance or terpenes like those found in Colorado Botanicals extractions.
However-aside from being less attentive about choosing specific cannabinoids over others based solely on their desired effects. Penguin out does an excellent job offering high standard tinctures that you can try.
The company, Penguin CBD has a variety of products available with different flavors and potencies. They use third-party lab reports to ensure the safety of their product which is free from THC but contains natural ingredients such as terpenes found in cannabis during extraction rather than introducing them after seeping through cotton fibers or other methods commonly employed by manufacturers who produce isolates instead of curing whatever mixture might have been used before planting.
3. R+R Medicinals
Image courtesy R+R Medicinals
The all-natural approach taken by R+R Medicinals is a step further than practically any other company we’ve seen. Their labeling is little outdated, their CBD tinctures contain just full-spectrum extracts with no additional ingredients besides those found in traditional medicine – which is often very beneficial when it comes to blood pressure control!
R+R Medicinals is one of the only companies that uses supercritical CO2 extraction to produce CBD tinctures. The company provides batch-specific, third-party lab tests for all its products and has no reviews available online except for their own website which does not provide any insight into how well these blends work or what benefits may arise when taken as directed with other medications/supplements, etc., so we recommend proceeding cautiously if you’re interested in trying them out.
4. Everest
Image courtesy Everest
For all you dessert lovers out there, Everest has the perfect CBD oil for your sweet tooth. Their blueberry mint full-spectrum cannabis concentrate is mouthwateringly good and can be taken under tongue or blended into hot cocoa to create that signature warm feeling in an instant.
Everest’s CBD oil is so powerful that each bottle contains 1,500mg of the cannabinoid. With 50mg per dose and an 5:1 ratio to other helpful cannabinoids like THC it normally costs $125 but you can get your hands on this great product for just $100 with their subscribe discounted plan.
5. CBDfx
Image courtesy CBDfx
With products that look like they’d be right at home locked up behind the counter, CBDfx is taking a mainstream approach to consumer packaged goods. Offering an array of different types for low prices and with a huge variety in every product line; CBD fans will surely find something relevant!
CBDfx is a brand that focuses heavily on natural ingredients but includes some added terpenes in their products. However, all of these goods are produced through artificial processing with unnatural additives or sweeteners which give them an unpleasant taste for many people’s tastes buds- including ours.
6. Royal CBD
Image courtesy Royal CBD
When it comes to high-quality CBD, Royal is the brand you need. They offer more than just their competition when considering cost and benefit for blood pressure treatment with products that are available in 500 mg through 2000mg options under this overpriced company’s label!
The information available on Royal CBD is not as extensive or impressive. The lab tests and ingredients are hard to find, which leaves room for improvement in this area of their brand promise.
What to Look for When Buying CBD Oil
We’ve done the hard work for you, but it will be up to each person individually as they search through all of these products vying for their attention. Somewhere out there is likely a perfect match-a tincture that suits your needs and takes into account some criteria such as blood pressure levels or symptoms associated with chronic pain management warrants consideration before making any final decisions about what might simply feel good enough.
Full Spectrum vs. Broad Spectrum CBD Oil
There is a big difference between full-spectrum and broad spectrum CBD. The THC content in some brands can be as high as 0.3%, while others have tiny traces that are undetectable to human senses (or even if they exist).
One of the only downsides to using broad-spectrum CBD is that delicate hemp compounds such as terpenes often get damaged during extraction. Luckily, Penguin CBD has found a way around this by taking their time and ensuring all plant material remains intact while producing high-quality extracts without any significant breakdown in flavors or effects.
Third-Party Lab-Verified
Testing is an important step in the quality assurance of any business, but it’s even more crucial for CBD companies. The lack of inadequate regulation by federal agencies has made many consumers nervous about what they’re purchasing and how much risk there may be involved with their purchase, especially when dealing directly from brands online without physically seeing products before buying them.
By having tests done on your product(s), CBD oil brands can show customers that not only do they care about providing trustworthy items as per request; testing also helps them prove validity so everyone knows exactly where each bottle came from!
FDA Warning Letters and Lawsuits
It’s important to stay away from CBD hemp manufacturers that have been specifically targeted by the FDA for wrongdoing. The agency sends out warning letters from time to time, and an up-to-date list of all their correspondence can be found on their website.
Transparency
Transparency is important for any CBD manufacturer, but it’s especially vital when you are trying to sell your product. When potential customers know what they’re getting and how their purchase will benefit them, there’s no reason not to make things clear with the people who helped create this natural healing herb.
Customer Reviews
CBD is no longer a new thing, but it has been gaining momentum. With more and more brands founded all the time, however, there are plenty of reliable players who have had their turn at accumulating customer reviews
The internet can be an overwhelming place for new CBD oil consumers, but that doesn’t mean you should give up on finding a product before it’s even tried. Brands with fewer than 100 reviews may not have been properly tested by those who are critical about their work – so make sure to do additional research.
Is CBD Oil Safe to Use with Blood Pressure Medications?
CBD has been shown to interact with certain common prescription drugs that utilize the cyp3a4 metabolic enzyme. One 2017 review of available evidence concluded that when you consume CBD, it can cause a change in blood pressure medication concentrations leading some doctors to determine contraindications for these medications before prescribing them exclusively or primarily depending on their own experiences treating patients who take both types combined.
On the contrary, it’s not CBD that you should be worried about but rather prescription drugs in your blood. Elevated levels of these can no longer leave as they’re blocked by metabolic enzymes and instead cause problems for other bodily functions like heart health or brain function which may lead to increased risk-taking behaviors – something we don’t want!
However with a doctor’s consenting permission if using oil together then go ahead knowing extreme caution is still necessary when taking both simultaneously because there could potentially be an adverse reaction.
When to Contact a Doctor
You should always be in touch with your doctor when it comes to CBD. Ask them if you can try the product and make sure that they are excited about its potential heart health benefits, but also watch out for any negative side effects or interactions between other medications/intervention programs where there could potentially be more harmful than helpful outcomes.
While CBD’s apparent ability to reduce blood pressure may be the desired effect in some individuals, it can also lead them to a side of complacency and neglect other aspects of their health. The cardiovascular system is remarkably delicate, so always take caution when trying this natural method to reduce blood pressure.
You should never wait until your symptoms are severe before contacting a doctor. CBD can make the blood pressure too low, so if you’re concerned about this and need help reaching out ask anyone who knows how! Staying in touch with them will keep you safe while treating your condition.
Final Thoughts: CBD for Blood Pressure
While cannabidiol has been shown to reduce blood pressure, the potential health benefits of CBD are worthy of further study. At this point in time, there’s no evidence that it will cause any serious side effects and many people have reported success using it for high blood pressure or other types of heart disease
A lot more research needs doing before we know what kind exactly but probably something similar like how marijuana helps fight off certain cancers and epilepsy and bipolar and schizophrenia in adults and kids to see if CBD oil can do the same.
The body is designed to keep your system delicately balanced, and high-quality CBD oil acts as a natural balancer. The lack or inclusion of THC in these products means that they will not get you high even if used incorrectly; however, it can still have many health benefits without harming anyone’s blood pressure levels.
While CBD is not an intoxicant, it does have promising effects on blood pressure. The scientists of today and tomorrow will determine whether or not this cannabinoid lowers the reading in individuals with higher levels of risk for cardiovascular disease- but there’s no doubt that research has already begun exploring its possibilities as a cure-all around town.
For now, feel free to use one of our CBD oil for blood pressure recommendations featured above. As long as you take CBD oil under the guidance of a doctor, you’ll find that these natural products will assist in helping you feel better quickly. All in all, we feel if you’re on the hunt for CBD oil for blood pressure, our list is the best place to start for high-quality, trusted CBD oil brands to lower blood pressure.
Can CBD Gummies Lower Blood Pressure?
Do you often feel overwhelmed and stressed? Have you been struggling to get your blood pressure under control? If so, you may want to consider giving CBD gummies a try. Canvast Drifter CBN + L-Theanine Gummies are the perfect way to relax stress within the body without any psychoactive effects of THC.
CBD gummies are a type of edible that contains the compound CBD (Cannabidiol). CBD is derived from hemp plants and has been shown to offer a variety of potential health benefits.
Numerous studies have shown that CBD can be an effective way to reduce blood pressure and improve overall cardiovascular health.
Keep reading to learn more about how CBD gummies can help you stay healthy and keep your stress levels under control!
Understanding high blood pressure
Blood pressure can depend on the amount of heart pumping, and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. The narrower the arteries, or the more plaque buildup in them, the higher the resistance and the higher the blood pressure.
When you have high blood pressure, it means that your heart is working harder than it should pump blood through your body. This can lead to a variety of health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure.
There are two types of hypertension:
Primary hypertension
The most prevalent type of hypertension is primary hypertension. It appears gradually and has no known cause, however it could be linked to heredity, physical changes in the body, or excessive body weight.
Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension develops quickly and is more dangerous than primary hypertension. Kidney illness, congenital heart defects, thyroid disorders, alcohol consumption, and certain drugs and stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, are among the causes.
Several factors may elevate your blood pressure. Below we included a list of some of the possible causes:
Being overweight or obese
Being overweight or obese can increase high blood pressure. Excess weight puts additional strain on your heart and blood vessels and makes it more difficult for your body to process sugar. This can lead to high blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for heart disease. Losing even a small amount of weight can help to lower blood pressure and reduce your risk of developing heart disease.
When you’re overweight, your body also produces more of the hormone insulin. Insulin resistance can cause your blood pressure to rise.
Eating a high-sodium diet
Too much sodium in your diet can cause your body to retain water, which leads to an increase in blood volume. This, in turn, raises blood pressure. The American Heart Association recommends that people consume no more than 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium per day. However, if you have high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend that you consume even less than that.
Not getting enough physical activity
A sedentary lifestyle can lead to high blood pressure. Regular physical activity helps to keep your heart and blood vessels healthy and lowers blood pressure by making your heart stronger. Just 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (such as walking) five days per week can help to lower blood pressure.
Drinking too much alcohol
Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure. The American Heart Association recommends that men consume no more than two drinks per day and that women consume no more than one drink per day. When you drink alcohol, it causes your blood vessels to widen, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure.
Smoking
Smoking tobacco products increases your risk of developing high blood pressure. Nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco products, narrows your blood vessels and raises your blood pressure. Quitting smoking can help to lower your blood pressure and reduce your risk of developing heart disease.
Family history
If you have a family member with high blood pressure, you’re more likely to develop it yourself. This is because high blood pressure can be genetic. If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to get your blood pressure checked regularly so that it can be monitored and treated if necessary.
Stress
Stress is a natural response to both good and bad experiences. When we feel threatened, our nervous system kicks into gear, releasing hormones that prepare us to either fight or take flight. While this “fight-or-flight” response can be helpful in dangerous situations, it can also hurt our health when we are constantly under stress. One of the ways stress can impact our health is by increasing our blood pressure. When we are stressed, our heart rate increases and our blood vessels constrict. This can lead to high blood pressure, which can, in turn, lead to other health problems such as heart disease and stroke.
What is CBD?
CBD is one of the cannabis plant’s active components. It does not have intoxicating characteristics or cause a “high” like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Instead, the therapeutic potential benefits of CBD are receiving a lot of attention. It could assist with everything from pain relief to better sleep to anxiety and addiction.
CBD oil is extracted from the cannabis plant and then usually diluted with a carrier oil like hemp seed oil or coconut oil. You can purchase CBD oils or oral drops that contain CBD isolate, full-spectrum CBD, or broad-spectrum CBD. Full-spectrum CBD oil products contain all of the plant’s active compounds, including THC. Broad-spectrum products include most of the plant’s active compounds but not THC. And CBD isolate is just pure CBD without any other cannabinoids.
How does CBD oil work?
CBD oil is thought to work with the ECS by helping to regulate these functions. It may also help to reduce inflammation, which is associated with various health conditions like heart disease and arthritis.
Are there any side effects?
CBD oil is generally considered safe and well-tolerated. However, some people may experience side effects such as fatigue, diarrhea, or changes in appetite.
If you’re considering taking CBD oil, it’s important to talk to your doctor first, especially if you have a medical condition or take medication for other health conditions. CBD oil can interact with certain medications, so it’s important to be sure that it’s safe for you before you start taking it.
Types of CBD
These CBD oils are made into a variety of products including:
CBD Tinctures
Tinctures are one of the most popular forms of CBD oil. They’re usually taken orally (by mouth), but can also be added to food or beverages. Tinctures are made by extracting CBD from the cannabis plant and then suspending it in an alcohol solution. They typically come in a small bottle with a dropper so that you can take the desired amount by mouth.
Capsules
Capsules are similar to tinctures in that they’re taken orally. However, they come in pill form rather than liquid form. Capsules are a convenient way to take a precise dose of CBD oil, and they’re also easy to take on the go.
Topicals
Topicals are CBD products that are applied directly to the skin. They can come in the form of creams, lotions, balms, or salves. Topicals are a great option for people who want to target a specific area of their body with CBD. They’re also good for people who don’t like the taste or smell of CBD oil.
Vaping
Vaping is another popular way to take CBD oil. It involves inhaling vaporized CBD oil through a vape pen or e-cigarette. This method allows the CBD to be absorbed quickly into your bloodstream through the lungs. Vaping is a convenient way to take CBD oil, and it also produces faster effects than other methods.
Edibles
Edibles are CBD products that are taken orally in the form of food or drink. They’re a convenient and delicious way to take CBD oil, but they can take longer to work than other methods. Edibles are also a good option for people who don’t like the taste or smell of CBD oil.
Enter CBD gummies!
Speaking of edibles, CBD gummies are one of the most popular types of CBD products. They’re made by infusing CBD oil into gummy candies, and they come in a variety of flavors. CBD gummies are a convenient and delicious way to take CBD oil, and they’re also easy to take on the go.
Unlike the better-known THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), CBD does not produce a psychoactive effect. CBD gummies are made in a similar way to regular gummies, with CBD oil or isolate added to the gummy base.
CBD gummies are now available in a variety of strengths and flavors, making them an easy and convenient way to take CBD. Some people take CBD gummies for their potential health benefits, as they are thought to provide relief from conditions like anxiety, pain, and inflammation. Others take them simply for the pleasant taste and sensation. Shop our
Can CBD help lower blood pressure?
CBD is a natural and effective treatment for high blood pressure. CBD oil works by relaxing the arteries and lowering the heart rate, which in turn lowers blood pressure. CBD oil also helps to reduce stress and anxiety, two of the main causes of high blood pressure. In addition, CBD oil has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to reduce the risk of heart disease. A study published in JAMA found that people who took CBD oil had lower blood pressure than those who took a placebo.
What does the study say?
There is some evidence that CBD oil products can help lower blood pressure, but the research is mixed.
According to a 2017 study, nine healthy men revealed that a single dose of CBD reduced blood pressure in both those who were at rest and those that were under stress, CBD was found to dramatically lower stress-induced elevations in blood pressure and heart rate in another mouse research published in 2017.
This means that CBD oil may be a safe and effective treatment for high blood pressure. However, a 2020 study revealed that CBD had no effect on blood pressure in rats, but it did have an antioxidant effect. Another study from 2020 was more promising, with findings indicating that CBD could lower blood pressure in stressed patients.
Researchers acknowledge CBD’s potential benefits for cardiovascular problems, but say more research is needed to properly understand how it can help.
Ultimately, a wealth of studies says that CBD oil is a potential therapy for high blood pressure, but more research is needed to understand how it works and if it is effective for long-term use.
Why are people taking CBD for high blood pressure?
High cholesterol may cause heart failure and other complications, as well as artery stiffness. Researchers at Nottingham Royal Derby Hospital found that CBD is primarily a vascular relaxant in the human gut, suggesting it has potential effects to dilate blood vessels if increased blood flow.
Many notable studies have been conducted on animals to test the effects of CBD on blood pressure. These studies found that CBD can help to lower blood pressure in both rats and mice.
A study published in the American Journal of Physiology found that CBD reduced resting systolic blood pressure and heart rate in rats. Another study published in the same journal found that CBD administration significantly lowered both diastolic and systolic blood pressure in mice.
The biochemical composition of CBD acts as a vasodilator, which means it helps to widen blood vessels and improve blood flow. This can in turn help to lower blood pressure.
So people are taking it for high blood pressure in hopes that it will help to lower their blood pressure, as well as improve their overall cardiovascular health.
CBD effects on blood pressure
The effects of CBD on blood pressure are not fully understood. However, preliminary research suggests that CBD may have a positive effect on blood pressure. In one study, healthy men and women were given either 600 mg of CBD or a placebo. The participants who received the CBD had lower blood pressure both at rest and in response to stress, compared to those who received the placebo. Additionally, CBD appears to improve circulation and heart health. In another study, rats were given CBD for four weeks. At the end of the study, the rats who received CBD had lower blood pressure and better heart function than those who did not receive CBD. These studies suggest that CBD may be an effective treatment for high blood pressure.
Is CBD for someone with high blood pressure?
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) both recognize the potential benefits of CBD.
According to a 2017 WHO study, CBD is typically well accepted, with an excellent safety profile and no side effects that could indicate misuse or dependence.
More research is needed, according to the FDA, and there are many unresolved questions concerning CBD’s safety. Furthermore, some CBD products are mislabeled and of dubious quality. CBD may have a positive effect on blood pressure. However, more research is needed to understand how it works and if it is effective for long-term use.
According to the American Heart Association, high blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. However, many people with high blood pressure can live healthy lives by following a few simple lifestyle changes. For example, quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly can all help to lower blood pressure. In addition, people with high blood pressure should avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these substances can cause an increase in blood pressure. If lifestyle changes are not enough to lower blood pressure, medication may be necessary.
As for those who take CBD to lower their high blood pressure, don’t worry, CBD is safe!
CBD is a compound found in marijuana and hemp plants. Unlike THC, CBD does not produce a high or intoxication. CBD oil has been shown to provide some health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and pain. It can also be used to treat anxiety and epilepsy. However, there is still some debate about the safety of CBD, particularly for people with certain medical conditions. One of the most common concerns is whether CBD is safe for people with high blood pressure.
While CBD may potentially lower blood pressure, it can also interact with certain medications. So, if you’re taking medication for your high blood pressure, be sure to talk to your doctor before using CBD.
Side effects of CBD
CBD and its products like CBD oil are generally considered safe, but they can cause some side effects, Below we’ll go over that side effects, their reasons, and the remedies that you can do.
Dry mouth
Research has shown that CBD can decrease the production of saliva. For some people, this might lead to a feeling of dryness in the mouth. This effect is thought to be caused by the way CBD affects receptors in the brain that control saliva production.
So make sure that you drink a lot of water if you are using CBD oil, and don’t hesitate to ask your doctor if you have any concerns.
Diarrhea
CBD oil can cause diarrhea in some people. This is thought to be due to the way CBD interferes with the absorption of fat called lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which plays a role in gut function.
If you experience diarrhea while taking CBD oil, try drinking plenty of fluids and eating yogurt or other sources of healthy bacteria to help regulate your digestive system.
Nausea and vomiting
CBD oil may also cause nausea and vomiting in some people. This is likely due to the way CBD affects the brain’s receptors for serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in nausea and vomiting.
If you experience these side effects, try taking CBD oil with food or using a smaller dose than what you’re currently taking. You should also talk to your doctor if the side effects are severe.
Fatigue
CBD oil can also cause fatigue in some people. This is thought to be due to the way CBD affects the endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in energy balance and sleep.
If you find that CBD oil makes you tired, try taking it at night before bed. You should also talk to your doctor if the fatigue is severe or interfering with your daily life.
How to choose the right CBD for high blood pressure?
CBD oils for high blood pressure are CBD tincture products. The best CBD can be extracted through sublingual dosage, this is the most efficient and quickest action and probably the most long-lasting effect.
And if you’re looking at how much CBD oil is needed to raise your blood pressure, look for one that is THC-free and has a high concentration of CBD. You’ll also want to make sure that the oil is extracted through sublingual dosage, as this is the most efficient and quickest way to get CBD into your system. A good starting point is to take 1-2 drops of oil per day, but make sure to start slowly and increase your dose gradually to find the amount that works best for you. And always consult with your doctor before taking any supplements, especially if you have a history of high blood pressure.
To get a better understanding, here are tips on how to choose CBD oil:
Look for FDA warnings and current lawsuits
The FDA will issue a warning letter if a CBD company makes unsubstantiated health claims. You may look up whether a company has received such a letter and whether it has been engaged in any lawsuits by looking it up online. If you notice that a company has received one, you should probably avoid them.
Some of the red flags to watch out for when choosing a CBD company are
-Making unsubstantiated health claims
-Not disclosing their source of CBD
-Selling products that contain synthetics or low-quality CBD
-Failing to third-party lab test their products
Ultimately, you should consult with your physician and do your research before taking any supplements, especially if you have a history of high blood pressure. And always choose a reputable CBD company that third-party lab tests their products.
Check the THC levels in the product
If you’re concerned about the psychoactive effects of THC, make sure to choose a CBD oil that is THC-free or has very low levels of THC. Again, THC can interact with some medications, so it’s always best to check with your doctor before taking any supplements.
Be aware of the extraction method
The two most common methods of CBD extraction are CO2 extraction and solvent extraction. CO2 extraction is considered to be the safest and most effective method, as it uses pressurized carbon dioxide to extract CBD from the plant material. Solvent extraction, on the other hand, uses chemicals like ethanol or butane to extract the CBD, which can be dangerous and leave residues in the final product.
When choosing a CBD oil, make sure to choose one that is extracted using a CO2 extraction. This will ensure that the product is safe and effective.
Check the Certificate of Analysis (COA)
The COA is a third-party test that verifies the potency and purity of CBD oil. Make sure that the company you’re buying from has a COA available on their website. You can also ask them to send you a copy if they don’t have it readily available.
Plus, the COA should also include the following information:
-The name and address of the company that performed the test
-A batch number or code that corresponds to the product you’re buying
-The results of the tests, including the CBD and THC levels
-Any other contaminants that were found in the product
If a company doesn’t have a COA available, or if the COA doesn’t include all of the above information, you should probably avoid them.
Make sure it’s third-party lab-tested
Third-party lab testing is essential to ensure that CBD oil is pure, potent, and free of any contaminants. Make sure that the company you’re buying from has their products third-party lab tested by an accredited laboratory. You can usually find this information on their website or the COA.
Review customer reviews
When you’re looking for the best CBD oil, it’s important to consider both the company and the product itself. Checking customer feedback can give you a sense of how effective the product is, but keep in mind that some brands may only publish positive reviews on their sites. You should also be aware that some brands may remove reviews that mention specific health conditions to comply with FDA rules. With that in mind, it’s still possible to get a general idea of efficacy by reading customer feedback on both the company and the product itself.
Check for company transparency
Always check out the website of any brand you’re considering. Some companies will be transparent about where their CBD comes from and how they create their goods. These are the brands you should purchase.
What’s the best CBD oil dosage for high blood pressure?
The dosages of CBD differ according to various factors but are not the same for every person. This list reflects how old your body is and your experience with cannabis, as well as your level of pain. Currently, the CBD dose should be 1–6 grams per 10 pounds. When you first take CBD it is recommended to take it from a low point slowly increasing the dosage gradually. According to administration routes, the effects will typically be 5 to 90 minutes long.
However, it is best to speak with your doctor before beginning any new supplement, especially if you’re taking medication for high blood pressure. CBD can interact with some medications, so it’s always best to check with your doctor before taking any supplements.
As a rule of thumb the following factors should be considered when determining your dosage:
Bodyweight
Bodyweight will affect how much CBD you need to take. The heavier you are, the more you’ll need to take.
Age
CBD will affect people of all ages differently. Older adults may need to take less than younger adults, and children may need a different dose than adults.
Sensitivity
Some people may be more sensitive to CBD than others. If you find that you’re not feeling the effects of CBD at a certain dose, you may need to increase your dosage or switch to a different product.
Body Metabolism
The metabolism of an active individual differs from that of a sedentary person. If your work entails you sitting at a desk all day or you do not move often, your body will take longer to process various components.
Your body needs to be able to absorb the amount of CBD you’re ingesting, which is why metabolism is so important.
CBD gummies taken before meals will hasten the benefits. You should take the gummies after meals if you want the effects to appear gradually.
It will boost CBD’s bioavailability or the pace at which CBD is absorbed in the body. It simply implies that more CBD will enter your bloodstream, resulting in the desired results.
Experience with cannabis
If you’ve never used cannabis before, you may want to start with a lower dose. People who have been using cannabis for a long time may need to take more CBD to feel the same effects.
Tolerance
If you use CBD regularly, you may build up a tolerance to it. If this happens, you may need to increase your dosage to feel the same effects.
Length of treatment
The longer you use CBD, the more tolerant you may become to it. If you find that you need to increase your dosage over time, speak with your doctor about it.
Ultimately, no one size fits all when it comes to CBD dosage, so it’s important to experiment and find the right dose for you.
How about the dosage for CBD Gummies?
A CBD gummy contains about 25mg of CBD. The recommended dosage for a CBD gummy is one gummy per day. However, depending on your body weight, age, and experience with cannabis, you may need to take more or less.
Typically, Based on their potency and CBD needs, people commonly take 1–5 gummies each day.
As previously stated, there is no one-size-fits-all dosage for everyone. However, there are a few tricks you can use to accurately estimate the number of gummies in your routine.
Tips for Dosing CBD Gummies Correctly
Gummies are a convenient method to consume CBD. They’re tasty, portable, and convenient, and each serving contains a fixed quantity of CBD. The amount of CBD in each gummy will be clearly stated on the package. Depending on the potency, they’re labeled as “10 mg” or “25 mg.” There isn’t such a thing as a normal CBD gummy dose.
Luckily, you can easily match the potency of your supplement with your dosage, making your supplementation more economical in the long run:
Get CBD gummies with a high concentration of CBD for the most powerful benefits. Because some gummies contain 40-50 mg of CBD, if you take two before bed, you’ll be able to fall asleep quickly and wake up feeling refreshed. If you want to enjoy the calming aspect of CBD, these gummies are ideal.
Buy high-potency candies and divide them into portions. If you buy CBD gummies containing 40 mg of CBD, cut them in half and use half one day and the other the next. Low-potency gummies, like 5 mg, would require you to boost your sugar intake in addition to CBD, which is bad for your health.
Increase the dosage in moderate increments. The amount and potency of your gummies can be adjusted the other way around. When you’re first trying CBD gummies, choosing lower strengths provides you with smaller increments to gently boost your dose and make positive changes without overdoing CBD and causing undesired effects.
CBD gummies dosage for blood pressure?
Now, if you are someone who is looking for a way to use CBD to lower your blood pressure, the dosage you’ll need will vary depending on why your blood pressure is high in the first place.
If you have hypertension, which is high blood pressure caused by an underlying health condition, you’ll likely need a higher dose of CBD to see results. For example, you can take a 50 mg gummy and see how it affects you. If you don’t notice any changes, you can increase the dosage to 100 mg per day.
If your blood pressure is high because of stress or anxiety, a lower dose of CBD may be all you need. For example, taking a 10 mg gummy may help to lower your blood pressure. If you don’t notice any changes, you can try taking a 20 mg gummy.
In general, it’s best to start with a low dose of CBD and increase it gradually until you find the dose that works for you.
But are CBD gummies safe?
CBD gummies are safe if purchased from a reliable source that employs organic hemp, and natural ingredients, and analyzes its products in a third-party lab.
Because CBD does not interact with the part of the brain that controls respiratory activities, it is impossible to overdose on it.
Taking too many CBD gummies at once, however, may cause a few minor side effects (as we previously discussed).
When it comes to the gummy itself, it’s perfectly safe to take more than one in a day. Just remember that each gummy contains a certain amount of CBD, so make sure you know how much you want to take before popping too many at once!
Is it safe to Take CBD gummies every day?
If you buy CBD gummies from a trustworthy company with an official website, they are safe. Quality products and natural ingredients, such as 100 percent organic hemp, are used by huge companies. Furthermore, these businesses send their CBD products to a third-party lab for testing to ensure their safety and efficacy.
So taking them every day shouldn’t be a problem, as long as you don’t take too many at once. If you do take too many, the only side effect you may experience is feeling sleepy. So it’s best to start with one gummy and see how it affects you before taking more.
What are some other options for treating high blood pressure?
If you want to lower your blood pressure, don’t rely solely on CBD. It’s critical to consult with a doctor and adhere to their recommendations. This could include prescription drugs.
Home treatments can also be used to assist manage the disease. A healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, beans, grains, and lean proteins, as well as weight management and frequent exercise, is important. It’s also a good idea to eat a low-sodium diet.
It’s also necessary to regulate your stress. Meditation, exercise, mind, and simple deep breathing are all effective ways to relieve stress.
Finally, smoking has the potential to raise blood pressure. Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that harm human tissues and stiffen blood vessel walls. Limiting your alcohol consumption can help lower your blood pressure.
So. Can CBD gummies lower blood pressure?
Yes, CBD gummies can lower blood pressure. However, it’s important to remember that they should not be used as a sole treatment for hypertension or elevated blood pressure. Instead, they should be used in conjunction with other treatments like medication and lifestyle changes. If you’re looking for a natural way to lower your blood pressure, CBD gummies may be worth trying. Just make sure to purchase them from a reputable source and start with a low dose to see how they affect you.
It’s a good idea to start with 5 mg, 10 mg, or 50 mg of CBD each day, based on your weight and the strength of the effects.
After that, you’ll need to modify the quantity of CBD gummies to your desired dosage, bearing in mind that oral CBD has a lower bioavailability than other types of CBD. Don’t give up if it takes a few tries to get your dosage right – consistency is important! Stock up on Canvast’s Delta-8 Shifter Gummies today!
A single dose of cannabidiol reduces blood pressure in healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study
1 Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom.
Garry D. Tan
2 The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Saoirse E. O’Sullivan
1 Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom.
1 Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom.
2 The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Associated Data
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid used in multiple sclerosis and intractable epilepsies. Preclinical studies show CBD has numerous cardiovascular benefits, including a reduced blood pressure (BP) response to stress. The aim of this study was to investigate if CBD reduces BP in humans.
METHODS. Nine healthy male volunteers were given 600 mg of CBD or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Cardiovascular parameters were monitored using a finometer and laser Doppler.
CONCLUSIONS. This data shows that acute administration of CBD reduces resting BP and the BP increase to stress in humans, associated with increased HR. These hemodynamic changes should be considered for people taking CBD. Further research is required to establish whether CBD has a role in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Introduction
Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between long-term stress and the development of cardiovascular disease (1). Factors like social isolation, low socioeconomic status, depression, stressful family and work life, and anxiety are associated with an increased risk of the development and accelerated progression of existing cardiovascular disease. Current European guidelines on the prevention of cardiovascular disease have emphasized the importance of tackling these factors (2). Mental stress induces myocardial ischaemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease, and this appears to be mediated by adrenal release of catecholamines (3).
Cannabinoids (CBs) are compounds that bind to CB receptors or are structurally similar to compounds that bind to CB receptors. They include endogenously produced compounds (called endocannabinoids), synthetic compounds and phytocannabinoids obtained from the Cannabis sativa plant. There are over 80 known types of phytocannabinoids, the most widely studied of which is Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC or THC), which is responsible for the psychoactive properties of cannabis (4). The other major phytocannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which does not have psychoactive properties. CBD is currently the focus of much research due to its potential in a number of therapeutic areas, as it has been shown to have antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anxiolytic, antinausea, and antipsychotic properties (5). A number of preclinical studies have also shown beneficial effects of CBD in a range of disorders of the cardiovascular system (6). A CBD/THC combination (Sativex/Nabiximols, GW Pharmaceuticals) is licensed for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis, and CBD alone (Epidiolex, GW Pharmaceuticals) has entered an expanded access program in children with intractable epilepsies (Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). Epidiolex has also received orphan designation status for the treatment of neonatal hypoxia-ischaemic encephalopathy.
CBD has multiple desirable effects on the cardiovascular system. It attenuates high glucose–induced proinflammatory changes in human coronary artery endothelial cells (7) and myocardial dysfunction associated with animal models of diabetes (8), and it preserves endothelial integrity in diabetic retinal microvasculature (9). In vivo administration of CBD before cardiac ischemia and reperfusion also reduces ventricular arrhythmias and infarct size. CBD also causes both acute and time-dependent vasorelaxation in isolated arteries in rats and humans (10–12). There is also evidence from animal studies that CBD modulates the cardiovascular response to stress. Resstel and colleagues (13) showed in rats that i.p. injection of CBD (10 and 20 mg/kg, –30 min) reduced restraint stress–induced cardiovascular response and behavior. Both these effects were blocked by preadministration of WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg), a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5HT1A) antagonist. These effects appear to be mediated centrally and involve the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a limbic structure that modulates neuroendocrine responses to acute stress (14).
Our recent systematic review showed us that there are no dedicated studies in humans to date, to our knowledge, looking at the effect of CBD on either resting cardiovascular measurement or on the responses to stress, with continuous monitoring of CV parameters (15). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether CBD decreases the cardiovascular response to stress after the administration of a single dose of CBD (600 mg) in healthy volunteers, with the hypothesis that blood pressure would be reduced by CBD. Noninvasive cardiovascular measurements were used along with stress tests in the form of mental arithmetic, isometric exercise, and the cold pressor test.
Results
Ten male subjects were recruited, but 1 withdrew for personal reasons. The mean age, weight, and height of the volunteers were 23.7 ± 3.2 years, 77.5 ± 6.4 kg, and 178.6 ± 4.5 cm (mean ± SD).
Effect of CBD on resting cardiovascular parameters.
Changes in resting cardiovascular parameters after a single dose (600 mg) of cannabidiol (CBD) in healthy volunteers (n = 9).
The effects of placebo (closed square) and CBD (open square) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (A), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (B), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (C), heart rate (HR) (D), stroke volume (SV) (E), cardiac output (CO) (F), ejection time (EJT) (G), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (H), and forearm blood flow (I), measured continuously over 2 hours after drug ingestion, except for forearm blood flow. Forearm blood was measured over a time period of 2 minutes just before the start and in between the stress tests. Dotted line denotes baseline values between the stress tests. Repeated measures 2-way ANOVA; mean ± SEM (*/ + / # P < 0.05, **/ ++ / ## P < 0.01 using Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis; + and # represent significant change in any parameter over time seen with placebo and CBD, respectively; denotes overall significant difference between 2 treatments).
There was a trend toward reduction in total peripheral resistance (TPR, Figure 1H ) with CBD in the latter half of the resting period, and a significant reduction in forearm skin blood flow before the start of the stress tests ( Figure 1I ; P < 0.01).
Effect of CBD on cardiovascular parameters mental stress.
The individual blood pressure responses of healthy volunteers to the stresses are presented in Figure 2 , showing the average baseline systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the 4 minutes preceeding the stress test, the peak response during stress, and the average recovery response in the 4 minutes after the stress test.
Individual systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses to all stress tests after a single dose (600 mg) of cannabidiol (CBD) or placebo in healthy volunteers (n = 9).
Green color coding shows subjectS who had a reduced (compared with placebo) blood pressure response to stress after taking CBD, and red color coding shows an increased blood pressure response to stress after taking CBD.
Mental stress test.
Cardiovascular response to mental stress after a single dose (600 mg) of cannabidiol (CBD) in healthy volunteers (n = 9).
The effects of placebo (closed square) and CBD (open square) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (A), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (B), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (C), heart rate (HR) (D), stroke volume (SV) (E), cardiac output (CO) (F), ejection time (EJT) (G), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (H), and forearm blood flow (I), measured continuously just before, during, and after mental arithmetic test (dotted line denotes stress test period), except for forearm blood flow. Measurements for forearm blood flow were made over a 2-minute window just before, during, and after the stress test. Repeated measures 2-way ANOVA; mean ± SEM (+ and # denote significant change in a parameter during the stress period seen with placebo and CBD, respectively). + / # P < 0.05, ++ /# # P < 0.01.
Exercise stress test.
Cardiovascular parameters in response to exercise stress after a single dose (600 mg) of cannabidiol (CBD) in healthy volunteers (n = 9).
The effects of placebo (closed square) and CBD (open square) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (A), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (B), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (C), heart rate (HR) (D), stroke volume (SV) (E), cardiac output (CO) (F), ejection time (EJT) (G), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (H), and forearm blood flow (I), measured continuously just before, during, and after isometric exercise test (dotted line denotes stress test period), except for forearm blood flow. Measurements for forearm blood flow were made over a 2-minute window just before, during, and after the stress test. Repeated measures 2-way ANOVA; mean ± SEM (*/ + / # P < 0.05; **/ ++ / ## P < 0.01; ***/ ### P < 0.001; ****/ #### P < 0.0001 using Bonferroni post-hoc analysis; + and # denote significant change in a parameter during the stress period seen with placebo and CBD respectively).
Cold stress test.
Cardiovascular response to cold stress after a single dose (600 mg) of cannabidiol (CBD) in healthy volunteers (n = 9).
The effects of placebo (closed square) and CBD (open square) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (A), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (B), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (C), heart rate (HR) (D), stroke volume (SV) (E), cardiac output (CO) (F), ejection time (EJT) (G), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (H), and forearm blood flow (I), measured continuously just before, during, and after cold pressor test (dotted line denotes stress test period), except for forearm blood flow. Measurements for forearm blood flow were made over a 2-minute window just before, during, and after the stress test. Repeated measures 2-way ANOVA; mean ± SEM (*/ + / # P < 0.05, **/ ++ P < 0.01, ***/ +++ P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 using Bonferroni post-hoc analysis; + and # denote significant change in a parameter during the stress period seen with placebo and CBD, respectively).
Looking at the individual response to the cold pressor test, 8 of 9 subjects had a lower SBP during the cold stress and in the recovery period after taking CBD ( Figure 2 ). Six of 9 subjects had a lower DBP during the cold pressor, and 7 of 9 subject had a lower DBP in the recovery period after taking CBD ( Figure 2 ).
Discussion
Based on preclinical evidence, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that CBD would reduce the cardiovascular response to stress in healthy volunteers. We found that resting blood pressure was lower after subjects had taken CBD and that CBD blunted the blood pressure response to stress, particularly in the pre- and poststress periods. Post-hoc analysis showed an overall trend of lower SBP, MAP, DBP, SV, TPR, forearm skin blood flow, and left ventricular EJT and a higher HR in subjects who had taken CBD. These hemodynamic changes should be considered for people taking CBD and suggest that further research is warranted to establish whether CBD has any role in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
We have shown for the first time that to our knowledge that, in humans, acute administration of CBD reduces resting blood pressure, with a lower stroke volume and a higher heart rate. This response may be secondary to the known anxiolytic properties of CBD (16) and may account for the lack of anticipatory rise in blood pressure seen with placebo. These findings are in contrast to previous studies in humans, where CBD at the same dose did not affect baseline cardiovascular parameters (17–19), although changes in the cardiovascular system were not the primary outcome of these studies. In the present study, CV parameters were measured continuously, while in previous studies, monitoring for SBP, DBP, and HR were performed manually at only 1, 2, or 3 hours after drug delivery. Additionally, our subjects were cannabis naive, while the subjects of other studies had used cannabis in the past. Since tolerance may develop to the hemodynamic response to CBs in humans, this may explain the differences between studies.
THC, the major psychoactive component of cannabis, is known to cause tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension in humans (20), a hemodynamic response similar to that observed to CBD in the present study. THC is a partial agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors (21), and the effects of THC on heart rate are mediated through CB1 receptors (20). CBD does not bind with any great affinity to CB1, but it can interact indirectly by augmenting CB1 receptors’ constitutional activity or endocannabinoid tone, the so called indirect agonism (22). We recently showed that CBD also causes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in isolated human mesenteric arteries through CB1 activation (11). Therefore, it is possible that the changes in hemodynamics brought about by CBD are mediated through CB1.
CBD may cause sympathoinhibition (through CB1 or some other mechanism), thereby preventing an increase in blood pressure and cardiac output, causing a compensatory rise in heart rate to maintain cardiac output. Indeed, the changes in SBP preceded any changes in HR. Another possibility is that CBD inhibits cardiac vagal tone, thereby increasing heart rate (despite any potential sympathoinhibition). A recent study in male Sprague-Dawley rats showed that GPR18 activation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) by abnormal CBD (Abn-CBD) resulted in reduced blood pressure and increased heart rate (23) (similar to that observed in the present study). The same study showed that pretreatment with atropine and propranolol fully abrogated the HR response, suggesting a role for the autonomic nervous system. CBD is a weak partial agonist at GPR18 (24).
Effect of CBD on cardiovascular parameters in response to mental stress.
Mental arithmetic has been shown to cause a rise in MAP and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) (25) and vasodilatation in forearm skeletal muscle (26). In our study, none of the cardiovascular parameters other than HR, DBP, and SV were affected, suggesting that the level of stress to this test was minimal. This could be because of the added visual stimulus of a computer screen, which would have helped volunteers perform the task. Overall, there was trend for lower SBP, DBP, MAP, SV, TPR, and forearm skin blood flow in subjects who had taken CBD, particularly in the pre– and post–stress test periods. Like resting cardiovascular parameters, these changes may indicate anxiolytic effects of CBD and/or generalized sympathoinhibition.
Effect of CBD on cardiovascular parameters in response to exercise stress.
Isometric exercise produces a pressor response, via sympathoexcitation, originating in the contracting muscle and relayed to the RVLM via the nucleus of solitary tract. The end result is a rise in heart rate and cardiac output and vasoconstriction in nonexercising organs (27–29). There is increased skeletal muscle blood flow in the nonexercising limb, which is sensitive to atropine and propranolol (30). A similar response was seen in our study, where isometric exercise caused a significant rise in SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR and an increase in forearm blood flow, although this was significant in the placebo group only. Subjects who had taken CBD had reduced blood pressure during the exercise stress test, and this was most pronounced in the pre- and posttest period. Before the exercise stress, HR was higher and SV lower in volunteers when they had taken CBD, and this trend continued throughout exercise stress and in the poststress period. There was also a significant reduction in EJT with CBD, which represents a reciprocal change to increased HR. The rise in cutaneous blood flow was only seen with placebo and not with CBD, possibly suggesting reduced β2 adrenergic–mediated vasodilatation, which could be a result of general sympathoinhibition or a specific effect at the β2 adrenoceptors. The tissue distribution of β2 adrenoceptors and CB1 receptors overlaps in many tissues, including in the cardiovascular system (31). At the cellular level, a complex physical and functional interaction between these 2 receptors has been demonstrated; there is evidence of cointernalization of β2 adrenoceptors with CB1 receptors, leading to desensitisation of β2 adrenoceptors (31).
Effect of CBD on cardiovascular parameters in response to cold stress.
Cold stress causes intense sympathoexcitation, producing a tachycardic and pressor response, and an increase in MSNA (32, 33). The pressor response is due to an initial rise in CO, in response to increased HR and a later increase in MSNA, causing vasoconstriction. Both MAP and TPR show a linear correlation with MSNA during cold stress (34). In our study, cold stress produced a pressor response in both groups, but, interestingly, while SBP and MAP continued to rise with placebo throughout the test period, the pressor response to cold was blunted in subjects who had taken CBD, and SBP and MAP were significantly lower. In keeping with this, TPR was lower with CBD than placebo, suggesting a possible inhibition of sympathetic outflow. This could also be due to analgesic properties of CBD (35), reducing cold stress and therefore minimizing the sympathetic response (also explaining why the cold pressor test was affected more by CBD than the exercise test). In the animal study of Resstel and colleagues (13), the authors suggested that the modulation of cardiovascular response was most likely secondary to attenuation of emotional response to stress. However, given our findings that CBD produced similar changes in cardiovascular parameters — though to a variable degree — during rest and stress, this may indicate that CBD also has direct cardiovascular effects.
Safety and tolerance.
CBD was well tolerated, and there were no adverse events on the day of stress tests. None of the subjects reported any adverse events over the following week.
Conclusion.
Our data show that a single dose of CBD reduces resting blood pressure and the blood pressure response to stress, particularly cold stress, and especially in the post-test periods. This may reflect the anxiolytic and analgesic effects of CBD, as well as any potential direct cardiovascular effects. CBD also affected cardiac parameters but without affecting cardiac output. Giving the increasing use of CBD as a medicinal product, these hemodynamic changes should be considered for people taking CBD. Further research is also required to establish whether CBD has any role in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as a hypertension.
Methods
Study design.
The study was a randomized, crossover design with each subject given CBD (BN: K12067A) or placebo (both gifts from GW Pharmaceuticals) in a capsule in a double-blind fashion, with a minimum time interval of at least 48 hours (range 3–16 days), taking place at the Division of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital. Allocation was decided by a coin toss, and block randomization was employed by S.E. O’Sullivan, who assigned participants. K.A. Jadoon carried out all study visits, and data analysis was blinded.
During an initial visit, subjects were familiarized with the stress tests and with noninvasive cardiovascular (CVS) monitoring, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) was done to rule out any preexisting cardiac conditions. Subjects were advised to fast overnight, to avoid beverages containing caffeine or alcohol, and to avoid strenuous exercise for 24 hours before each of the 2 study visits. Two hours after CBD/placebo was administered, subjects performed various stress tests (36). Noninvasive cardiovascular monitoring using Finometer and laser Doppler flowmetry was carried out during the 2 hours to assess changes in baseline parameters and during the stress test periods.
Visit days.
Upon arrival, subjects were rested for 10–15 minutes, and their baseline blood pressure and heart rate were recorded using a digital blood pressure (BP) monitor. Participants were given a standardized breakfast, and 15 minutes later, they were given either oral CBD (600 mg) or placebo in a double-blind fashion. This is a dose known to cause anxiolytic effects in humans and is comparable with what is used clinically (19, 37–39). Study medication consisted of capsules containing either 100 mg of CBD or excipients, which were a gift from GW Pharmaceuticals. There was no difference between the 2 formulations in color, taste, or smell.
Two hours afterward, subjects were asked to perform the stress tests (36). Timing of the tests was chosen to coincide with peak plasma levels for CBD (18). All the experiments were performed in a sitting position under ambient temperature conditions. Maximum voluntary contraction for the isometric hand grip test was assessed for each subject prior to administering study medication.
After administration of CBD or placebo, subjects remained seated, either doing nothing, reading, or using a computer. During this time, subjects were connected to a calibrated Finometer (Finapres Medical Systems), which uses a finger-clamp method to detect beat-to-beat changes in digital arterial diameter using an infrared photoplethysmograph (40). The Finometer gives a continuous signal of beat-to-beat changes in blood pressure and blood flow, and it uses this signal to derive other parameters, including systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure; interbeat interval; heart rate and left ventricular ejection time; stroke volume; cardiac output; and systemic peripheral resistance. Baseline cardiovascular data was recorded for 2 hours following administration of CBD or placebo. Forearm blood flow was measured using a calibrated laser Doppler flowmeter (Perimed) (41). For each recording, 5 images of microcirculation were taken, over an area 19 mm × 19 mm, using the upper third of the left forearm under high resolution. After 2 hours, subjects underwent the cardiovascular stress tests in the following order: mental arithmetic, isometric exercise, and cold pressor test.
The mental arithmetic test consisted of calculating a sum every 2 second for 2 minutes. Subjects were seated in front of a computer screen, and a PowerPoint presentation delivered a slide with a simple mathematical sum of a 3-digit number minus a smaller number (e.g., 317 – 9, 212 – 11, 185 – 7) every 2 seconds; the subject had to give the answer verbally. In the isometric exercise stress test, using a dynamometer, handgrip was maintained at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for 2 min. For the cold pressor test, subjects immersed their left foot (up to ankle) in ice slush (temperature 4°C–6°C) for 2 minutes. Cardiovascular parameters were measured continuously using the Finometer, while skin blood flow measurements were taken just before, during, and 5 minutes after each test. Each stress test lasted for 2 minutes, and there was a recovery period of at least 10 minutes.
Statistics.
Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to determine the effect of treatment and time on different variables using GraphPad PRISM version 6.02. Level of significance was set at α = 0.05 and values presented as mean ± SEM. Sidak’s post-hoc test was used to see treatment affect at various time points. Data were not unblinded until after statistical analysis.
Study approval.
Ten healthy young male volunteers, mean age 24 years (range 19–29), with no underlying cardiovascular or metabolic disorders, were recruited for this study, which was approved by the University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (study reference E18102012). Written informed consent was obtained according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Exclusion criteria included any significant cardiovascular or metabolic disorder or use of any medication. All the volunteers were nonsmokers and had taken no prescribed or over-the-counter medication within a week prior to randomization. No volunteers had ever used cannabis.
Author contributions
KAJ helped with study design, researched data, wrote the manuscript, and reviewed/edited the manuscript. GDT reviewed/edited the manuscript. SEO was involved in study design and reviewed/edited the manuscript.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
GT is supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: GW Pharma supplied the cannabidiol (CBD) and placebo but did not fund the study.
Reference information:JCI Insight. 2017;2(11):e93760. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.93760.
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